OBJECTIVE 1.

ASSESS EXPOSURES AND RISK LEVELS (INCL. PERCEPTIONS AND BEHAVIOURS

OBJECTIVE 2.

ASSESS BIOLOGICAL EXPOSURES AND LEVELS OF RELATED DISEASES (MORTALITY, MORBIDITY, PERCEPTIONS)

WATER

% access to drinking water (disinfected, connected, water quality stds, simple access to public source, rural/urban) 

% access to excreta disposal facilities (rural/urban, connected, individual)

Diarrhea mortality in children under 5 (Briggs)

 Estimated deaths rates due to intestinal infectious diseases in children under 5 y  (PAHO C10)

 Outbreaks of waterborne disease (Briggs, CDC)

AIR

Ambient air concentrations for criteria pollutants in each sister city (Border)

 Number of exceedances (days) for each ambient air standard (Border)

 Proportion of youth 15-19 of age who smoke (PAHO D 30)

 Percentage of households using coal, wood or kerosene as main source of heating/cooking fuel (Briggs)

Unusual pattern of cardiovascular and respiratory events (with environmental contribution) (CDC)

 Temperature attributed deaths (CDC)

 Percentage of children under 18 with asthma and chronic bronchitis (EPA-C; D1)

FOOD

Calories avail per capita PAHO-B1

 % of fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy and processed food with detectable levels of pesticide residues EPA-C 81

Outbreak rate of foodborne illness (Briggs) 86

 Incidence of diarrhoea morbidity in children < 5 from foodborne sources (modified from Briggs) 87

WASTE

Number of chemical spills (transportation and fixed facility) EPA 90

 % urban pop with regular collection of solid waste PAHO E9

Incidence of chemical spill related injuries and poisonings EPA 91

MULTIPLE EXPOSURES

Percentage of workers exposed to unsafe, unhealthy or hazardous working conditions (Briggs)

Concentrations of lead in blood for children 5 and under, and % with concentrations over 10 micrograms/dl  (EPA-C; B1-2)

 Concentrations of other heavy metals and POPs in blood for at-risk groups

 Cancer incidence and mortality for children under 20 by type (EPA-C; D5a, D5b)

 Estimated death rates due to tumors (selected sites according to high priority chemicals) (PAHO C20)

 Pesticide-related poisoning and illness (CDC)

 Incidence of occupational mortality (Briggs)

 Number of reported poisonings per year in children under 5 (Briggs)

 Mortality rate due to poisonings (Briggs)

COMMENTS